Voltage Controlled Oscillator Instructions

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Schematic
3. Simulation
4. How It Works
5. Component List
6. PCB
7. Project Ideas
8. Going Further

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SCHEMATIC

SCHEMATIC (Blocktised)

SIMULATION

How does the voltage controlled oscillator work?

Overview

The Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO for short), is a very practical circuit for generating square and sine waves. While these waves can be produced using the Simple Function Generator Kit, the VCO allows for controlling the output frequency with the use of a voltage signal instead of using a potentiometer. This means that the output frequency of the VCO can easily be controlled by microcontrollers and other analogue circuits which can create some pretty interesting results. For example, a 1V octave synthesiser can be built using this module whereby a 1V octave keyboard is connected to an exponential converter which feeds its output into the VCO to produce keyboard tones. This circuit can also be used in retro ways such as sensor data transmission where the voltage output of a sensor is converted into a frequency and the frequency of the output will be proportional to the sensor reading (a similar system was done in early satellites such as Sputnik).

Schematic Blocks

The VCO is a complex circuit and so only an overview of its workings will be presented in this instruction manual. The VCO consists of the following sub-circuits (refer to the blocktised schematic to see these sub-circuits):

- Integrator Circuit

- Schmitt Trigger Circuit

- Voltage Reference

- Discharge Circuit

- Output Buffers

Integrator Circuit / Schmitt Trigger

The input to the VCO is fed into the integrator circuit and the purpose of the integrator circuit is to produce each side of the triangular waveform (steadily increasing or steadily decreasing). The larger the input to the integrator the faster the voltage rises/falls and the smaller the input voltage the slower the voltage rises/falls. The integrator feeds its output into an inverting Schmitt trigger whose hysteresis points are determined by resistors R8 and R9. If the output of the integrator goes beyond the upper hysteresis limit then the output of the inverting Schmitt trigger turns off. If the output of the integrator goes lower than the low- er hysteresis limit then the output of the inverting Schmitt trigger turns on.

Discharge / Feedback

The output of the inverting Schmitt trigger is also connected to a discharge transistor Q1 which controls whether the output of the integrator should rise or fall. If the output of the inverting Schmitt trigger is high then the discharge transistor is turned on and therefore the output of the integrator begins to rise (as it's an inverting integrator). If the output of the inverting Schmitt trigger is low then the discharge transistor is turned off and therefore the output of the integrator begins to fall.

So to sum up how the system oscillates:

- Integrator output begins to rise and eventually crosses the upper threshold of the Schmitt trigger

- The Schmitt triggers output switches off and this turns off the discharge transistor

- The integrators output begins to fall and eventually crosses the lower threshold of the Schmitt trigger

- The Schmitt triggers output switches on and this turns on the discharge transistor

- The discharging transistor causes the output of the integrator to rise and we go back to step 1

The two buffers are used to provide signal outputs that do not affect the VCO oscillation. The square wave output is obtained from the Schmitt triggers output as this switches on and off while the triangular waveform is obtained from the integrator output (as this steadily rises and falls). The triangular waveform has a DC offset and this can be removed with the use of a coupling capacitor. The process cycle of the VCO is shown below.

Component List

Component	PCB Reference	Quantity	Looks Like
8 DIP Socket	U1, U2	2
LM358 Dual Op-Amp IC	U1, U2	2
1K Resistor	R6, R7	2
10K Resistor	R5	1
47K Resistor	R2, R3, R4, R8	4
100K Resistor	R1, R9	2
1nF Ceramic Disc Capacitor	C1	1
100nF Ceramic Disc Capacitor	C2, C3, C4	3
2N3904 NPN Transistor	Q1	1
Red Wire	VCC	1
Blue Wire	VIN, TRI	2
Green Wire	SQUARE	1
Black Wire	GND	2

PCB

PROJECT IDEAS

Basic Function Generator

Function generators are extremely expensive pieces of equipment that will likely contain many features you don’t need. As such, the Voltage Controlled Oscillator Kit provides an excellent alternative that is not only much cheaper but easier to use and interface with. If you require more complexity, you can add extra circuits to the output of each waveform, and enclosing the Voltage Controlled Oscillator in a case can make a very neat and practical project!

Synthesiser

The Voltage Controlled Oscillator produces both square and triangle waves which are both highly popular with old consoles. As such, the Voltage Controlled Oscillator kit can be used as a synthesiser either on its own, or combined with external analogue voltages. Furthermore, both the square and triangular waves can be mixed together to create some really unusual sounds!

Sine Wave Source

Did you know that if you pass a triangular wave through several low-pass filters you can create a sine wave? As such, a sine wave source can be made from the Voltage Controlled Oscillator, and this can be used for creating inverters, modulation systems, and so much more!

Construction Tips